The expansion of a new nation

Editor's note: It is impossible to tell the story of the nation without telling the story of the Ohio River Valley. Long before interstate highways and railroads connected the expanding republic, it was the rivers that served as the young nation's first true highway westward. Through these waters flowed settlers, soldiers, merchants, dreamers and pioneers determined to carve opportunity from the frontier. In many ways, the journey chronicled this week represents the true beginning of America's westward expansion. What started with a determined group of men leaving Massachusetts in the bitter winter of 1787-88 would culminate in the founding of Marietta, the first organized settlement in the Northwest Territory. Their arrival along the Muskingum River was not merely the establishment of another frontier outpost — it was the opening chapter of a massive migration that would ultimately shape Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and beyond. As we reflect on America at 250, stories like this one serve as an important reminder: the growth of the United States did not happen solely in Philadelphia, Boston or Washington. It unfolded in small communities such as Marietta, as well. Following the Revolutionary War, the newly formed United States were eager to begin expanding beyond the borders of the original 13 states. Land south of the Great Lakes and north of the Ohio River had been ceded to the United States from the British following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. The young country struggled getting the area that would eventually form Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota organized. Squatters were moving onto the land, there were still pockets of the British, and the Native Americans that had been on the land for centuries were not thrilled about the influx of new people. The passage of the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 would set in motion the authorized development of the land. But even before the ordinance, a group of men were planning how to develop the land once it opened. On Jan. 25, 1786, Gen. Rufus Putnam and Benjamin Tupper started promoting the idea of forming the Ohio Company to settle land near the Muskingum River, in what today is southeastern Ohio. The information appeared in "public prints" and encouraged those interested in being shareholders in the plan to meet at the Bunch of Grapes Tavern in Boston. The meeting on March 1 of that year at the Bunch of Grapes not only resulted in getting underwriters but also set up a convention to begin a few days later. At the convention, they set up a series of 13 articles that would help form the new settlement. The next year or so entailed organizing the company and getting funding in place. On March 8, 1787, the associates met again, and Putnam, the Rev. Manasseh Cutler and Gen. H. Parsons were named directors. They came up with the plan to buy land from the Continental Congress. After negotiations, the group ended up with 964,285 acres of what Thomas Hutchins, geographer of the United States, considered "the best part of the whole western country." At a November 1787 meeting, they decided on the size of house lots. At a meeting at Bracket's Tavern, the group decided on the makeup of the first party to head to Ohio. According to the plan, the first group would be made up of four surveyors, and 22 men to "attend" the surveyors; six boat builders, four house carpenters; one blacksmith and nine common workers for a total of 48. On March 5, 1788, Putnam was given "full power to do and transact all matters necessary for the progress of the settlement." At that point he was already on the road that would in April 1788 lead him to Ohio. Before the group of 48 men of the Ohio Company could establish Marietta in 1788, they first had to get here. The trip overland from Massachusetts started Dec. 31, 1787. The trip over the mountains was hard. They battled deep snow, at times building sleds to make their way west. When they arrived at Sumrells Ferry on the Youghiogheny River they would have to prepare for the second part of their journey, which would take them down tributaries to where the Monongahela joins the Allegheny to form the Ohio River at Pittsburgh, and finally to Marietta, arriving 238 years ago on April 7, 1788. Putnam kept a daily account of what the journey was like. The journals offer a detailed narrative of the struggles faced by the men getting here as well as the early steps in carving a city out of the wilderness. Excerpts from the river journey section of Putnam's journal: Friday, March 29, 1787 Launched our great boat named the Union Galley (Different writings call the flatboat by many names, including the Adventure Galley and Mayflower). She was intended to carry 24 tons ... the same day we launched a large walnut canoe called the Katting Tender. Having before put in the river two other canoes one called the Ellen the other the Wesel of about 800 burden. This with the Adelphia ferry boat of about 3-ton burden makes up our fleet with which we shall proceed down river. Monday, March 31, 1787 Col. Sproat, Mr. Foster and others set out with the horses and oxen for the mouth of Buffalo Creek and are to take 500 pounds of hard bread, a number of venison hams with a firken of butter from Washington on pack horses. (A firkin is a small cask that holds around 11 gallons.) Put a part of our loading on board but the rain prevented our completing the loading and setting out as intended. Tuesday, April 1, 1787 45 minutes past one o'clock we left Sumrells Ferry and falling down 6 miles took in one ton of hay and proceeded to Mr. Gee's Ferry where we arrived at 9 o'clock the same. Wednesday, April 2, 1787 Got underway at 4 o'clock in the morning and arrived at Pittsburgh about 8 am — left Pittsburgh at 2 o'clock pm. Passed great Beaver Creek at 8 in the evening. (Pittsburgh at that time was already an established community. They did not record what they spent 6 hours doing in the town before continuing downriver.) Thursday, April 3, 1787 Came to (a nautical term for stopping) about 3 mile above Harmon Creek at 4 o'clock am. Waiting for day light to find said creek, at 7 o'clock the same morning came to ¾ of a mile below Harmon Creek having passed it through mistake — Mr. Foster arrived about 12 o'clock having been engaged in forwarding a quantity of pork from Mr. Southenland to the river, distance 4 miles. The provisions were all got to the river this evening but the heavy rains which fell this evening prevented there loading a raft of boards from coming down. (Harmon Creek flows into the Ohio River just north of U.S. 22 in Weirton.) Friday, April 4, 1787 Having got the provisions on board and the boards on the raft, we set out 1 o'clock and arrived with the galley at Buffalo about 3 o'clock, leaving the Adelphia Ferry boat to take in some port at Mr. Henderson opposite Mingo Bottom — found the provisions not brought down as expected but Mr. Wells was zealously engaged in the butchering. (Buffalo Creek is at the south end of Wellsburg. The town is named for Alexander Wells, who was likely the man helping the explorers with loading the boats with more provisions. Mingo Bottom would later become Mingo Junction and is across the river from Wellsburg. A community was already there. In 1770, George Washington wrote … "we came to the Mingo Town, situated on the west side the river, a little above the Cross Creeks. This place contains about twenty cabins, and seventy inhabitants of the Six Nations.") Sunday, April 6, 1787 Put everything on board early and left Buffalo 23 minutes past 9 o'clock am. Passed Short Creek 46 minutes past 10, Wheeling 32 minutes past 12, Grave Creek 55 minutes past 2 o'clock pm. Came to at the southernly part of Round Bottom 55 minutes past 3 except the first mile in the morning we rowed none except to steerage way, but the awing to baggage above the gunwale, the wind being of north easterly gave us about 2 knot through the water. Left Round Bottom ½ past nine in the evening. Monday April 7, 1787 Pass the west line of the 7th range 35 minutes after 11 o'clock am – arrived at Muskingum at one o'clock pm and came to on the fort point (Fort Harmar) on fork between the Ohio and Muskingum where we landed with some of our stock and baggage with some of the provisions, both baggage and provisions having suffered considerably by wet weather before the hard bread brought from Washington County (Pa.) being wholly lost and the venison hams much injured by the pack horses falling into a mill race. (Edible food would be a recurring problem for the settlers, who had to turn to Virginians across the river to get through the following winter.) *** The 48 men who made the initial trip to what is now Marietta quickly got busy clearing the trees. Trees were needed to build housing, and the land would have to be prepared for crops. Fort Harmar, one of several military outposts along the Ohio River, stood along the western bank on the Muskingum River at the confluence with the Ohio. Members of the Ohio Company chose a spot about a mile upstream on the east side of the Muskingum to build Campus Martius, a fortification that would provide protection from attacks by native Americans. Today the Campus Martius Museum details the journey and contains Putnam's house and the Ohio Land office, the oldest building in the state. Food was plentiful at first for those setting up the new town, with deer and bison easy to find. By the summer of 1789, it was becoming harder to find enough food to eat thanks to a clearing out of the animals by Native Americans angry over a treaty. An early frost in October ruined an already weak corn crop forcing the citizens to turn to their neighbors across the Ohio River for help. Isaac Williams, the owner of the Virginia plantation in what would later become Williamstown, W.Va., sold corn to Capt. Johnathan Devol and Isaac Barker, who paddled across the river to make a deal. The naming of the young city took even longer than the planning of it. Many in the Ohio Company also had strong connections to the Scioto Company further downriver. The Scioto Company had connections to France so many favored naming the new city on the Muskingum "Marietta" to honor Marie Antoinette, queen of France, to gain support from the monarch. A lot of other names had been suggested prior to Marietta being the officially chosen name on July 2, 1788. Castrapolis, Adelphia, Muskingum, V de Mariana, Marianne and Mariana were all considered. Marietta was the first city created in the Northwest Territory. None of the cities settled before Marietta were done so under United States law because the land was not officially part of the nation. Not until the Ordinance of 1787 was the establishment of the Northwest Territory possible. The ordinance gave a pathway for lands to be settled and eventually to become states. There were plenty of people throughout the area, however. In fact, those who founded Marietta passed by many of them on their way downriver. People were trying to settle Martins Ferry as early as 1779. Nearby Wheeling, Va., had been a town since 1769 when Ebenezer Zane decided it would be a good place for a community by marking trees with an axe. Wheeling, of course, was already part of Virginia, and Virginia had been a state from the start. The 48 men aboard the Adventure Galley would have passed both settlements on their way to the "frontier" that would become Marietta less than 100 miles south. In other states of the Northwest Territory, people were setting up towns long before 1788. Vincennes, founded in 1732, is Indiana's oldest city. It was settled by the French and had a thriving fur trade. Sault Ste. Marie was settled as early as 1668, making it the oldest city in Michigan. There are several communities in Illinois that are older than Marietta. The largest, Peoria, was founded in 1691 by French explorer Henri de Tonti. Further north in Wisconsin, Green Bay was settled in 1754 as Baie Verte (French for "The Green Bay.") Although Marietta got a jump start on other cities in Ohio, it never grew to be a large town. During the early growth period, thousands passed the city on their way further south; flatboats filled the river on their way to Kentucky and Cincinnati, which quickly grew larger than Marietta. Today, the efforts of the Ohio Company are celebrated. Tourism is an important part of the region's economy. The Sternwheeler Valley Gem provides river tours on the Ohio and Muskingum rivers, and Campus Martius Museum tells the story of the establishment of the Northwest Territory and features the home of Rufus Putnam. A new Ohio River Museum is under construction where the 174-foot sternwheeler W. P. Snyder Jr. helps to explain the role the rivers played in the history of the area. Efforts are also underway to restore the 1938 National Memorial to the "Start Westward of the United States." The sandstone monument is the centerpiece of Muskingum Park. It was carved by Gutzon Borglum and dedicated by President Franklin Roosevelt to mark the 150th anniversary of the Northwest Territory. With westward expansion at hand for the new nation, it's also important to delve into how the new federal government worked to tie together the existing states and the new frontier, which will come next week. One of the most important pieces of that plan was the creation of the National Road. Approved by Congress in 1806 with work getting underway in 1811, the road would eventually stretch from Cumberland, Md., to Vandalia, Illinois.